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This session is going to be about the history of the non-medical use of drugs. Let me say that, because this is going to be a story, that I think it. Bridges war bislang dreimal als Bester Hauptdarsteller und ebenso oft als Bester Nebendarsteller – erstmals 1971 f Rock Avandaro documental sobre el festival de Avandaro, lo poco que se pudo recopilar, este video es dedicado a toda la BANDA MEXICANA. ACTIVE WARRANTS This list is valid as of the date posted. If you have information regarding the location of someone on the warrant list. DO NOT TAKE ANY ACTION ON.
History of the Non- Medical Use of Drugs in the United Statesby Charles Whitebread, Professor of Law, USC Law School. A Speech to the California Judges Association 1.
Links to Related Documents. This speech is derived from The Forbidden.
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Fruit and the Tree of Knowledge: An Inquiry into the Legal History of American. Marijuana Prohibition by Professor Richard J. Bonnie & Professor Charles H.
The Hearings of the Marihuana Tax Act and. Marihuana, A Signal of Misunderstanding. National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse. The Pure Food. and Drugs Act of 1. Act Introduction. This session is going to be about the history of the non- medical use of drugs.
Let me. say that, because this is going to be a story, that I think it will interest you quite a. The topic is the history of the non- medical use of drugs and I think you ought to. As you may know, before I.
University of Southern California, I taught at the University of Virginia. In that time period, the very first major piece that.
I wrote was a piece entitled, . I wrote it with Professor Richard. Bonnie, still of the faculty of the University of Virginia. It was published in the. Virginia Law Review in October of 1.
I must say that our piece was the Virginia Law. Review in October of 1. The piece was 4. 50 pages long. It got a ton of national. As a result. of that, Professor Bonnie was named the Deputy Director of the National Commission on. Marihuana and Drug Abuse and I was a consultant to that commission. As a result of Richard's two year executive directorship of the National Commission in.
I were given access to both the open and the closed files of what was. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, what had historically been called. Federal Bureau of Narcotics and what today is called the Drug Enforcement Agency. It is based upon that work. I bring you this story.
The Situation in 1. If you are interested in the non- medical use of drugs in this country, the time to go. I am going to say to you guys I. That is, that in 1. Depending upon whose judgment, or whose assessment, you.
United States addicted to drugs in 1. Now, there were two principal causes of this dramatic level of drug addiction at the. The first cause was the use of morphine and its various derivatives. You know as late as 1. The use of morphine in battlefield operations during the Civil War was so extensive. Union veterans were addicted to morphine that the popular press.
Now I will say, being from. Virginia as I am, that the Confederate veterans didn't have any problems about being. South was too poor to have any, and therefore battlefield. Confederate Army were simply done by chopping off the relevant limb. But the Northern troops heavily found themselves, as. Now, the other fact that I think that is so interesting about drug addiction at the.
If I were to ask. That is the exact opposite of who was most likely to be addicted to drugs at the. In terms of statistical groups, who was most likely to be addicted to drugs at the turn. A rural living, middle- aged white woman. The use of morphine in medical. What. does is the second cause of the high level of addiction at the turn of the century - - the.
I think some of you, maybe from watching Westerns on TV if nothing else are aware that. Now, what that meant, as I have always thought, was the most significant thing about. Because no matter what is wrong with you, or your beast, you are going to. So there was this tendency to think ! Now, for reasons that we weren't able to full research, but for reasons, I think.
If you want to see a relatively current portrayal of a woman addicted to patent. Eugene O'Neil's play .
The mother figure there, the one that was played by Katherine Hepburn in the. In any event, the use of morphine in medical operations and the sale of patent. Again, between two and five percent. United States was addicted to drugs as late as 1.
People became involved with drugs they did not know that they were taking, that they. The first point, then, is that there was more drug addiction. The Pure Food and Drug Act. Then the single law which has done the most in this country to reduce the level of drug.
The single law that reduced. Pure Food and Drug Act. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1.
It created the Food and Drug Administration in Washington that must approve all. The very first impact of that was that the. The Pure Food and Drug Act said that certain drugs could only be sold on. The Pure Food and Drug Act, (and you know, this is still true today, go look in your. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1. The Harrison Act.
The very first criminal law at the Federal level in this country to criminalize the. It was called the Harrison Act and there are only. Harrison Act that we need to focus on today. Number one is the date. Did you hear the date, 1. Some of you may have come this.
Republic or something. The entire. experiment of using the criminal sanction to deal with the non- medical use of drugs really. Harrison Act. The second interesting thing about the Harrison Act was the drugs to which it applied.
The. Harrison Act applied to opium, morphine and its various derivatives, and the derivatives. No mention anywhere there of amphetamines, barbiturates. The Harrison Act applied only to. And. what was that model? It was called the Harrison Tax Act. You know, the drafters of the Harrison Act said. Congress what it was they wanted to achieve.
They wanted to regulate the medical use of these drugs and they wanted to. Look at the date - -. Federal Crimes until very recently. In the face of possible Constitutional opposition to what they wanted to do, the people. Congress who supported the Harrison Act came up with a novel idea. That is, they would. To show you how it worked, can I use.
The first (and again, these figures aren't accurate but they will. It was a dollar a year and the doctors, in. Government that allowed them. Do you see that by the payment of that one dollar tax, we have the doctors. The doctors have to follow the regulations in the statute.
And there was a second tax. Well, since nobody was going to pay a thousand.
Now. just to be sure you guys understand this, and I am sure you do, but just to make sure. What would be the Federal crime?
Not possession of cocaine, or. And do you see what a wicked web that is going to be? As a quick preview, where then.
The Treasury Department. Why, we are just out there. I will show you how that works in a minute.
If you understand that taxing scheme then you understand why the national marijuana. Marihuana Tax Act.
The Early State Marijuana Laws. But before we get to that next big piece of Federal legislation, the marihuana. I would like to take a little detour, if I may, into an analysis of.
Let me pause to tell you this. When Professor Bonnie and I set out to try to track the.
And, secondly, the few people who had even conjectured about it went back to. Federal Act and said .
If you go. back to 1. What Professor. Bonnie and I did was, unique to our work, to go back to the legislative records in those. What we found was that the 2. The first group of states to have marijuana laws in that part of the century were Rocky. Mountain and southwestern states.
By that, I mean Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Montana. The only thing you need to know to understand the early. Rocky Mountain areas of this country is to know, that. Mexicans. They had come across the border in search of better economic conditions, they. Basically, none of the white people in these states knew anything about marijuana, and. I make a distinction between white people and Mexicans to reflect a distinction that any.
And all you had to do to. Rocky mountain and southwestern states. Probably the best single statement was. Texas first marijuana law.
He said on the floor of the. Texas Senate, and I quote, . And so what was the genesis for the. Rocky Mountain and southwestern areas of this country? Well, clearly no hypothesis about Mexican immigration. Northeast has never had. Mexican- American population.
So we had to dig a. We had to go not only to the legislative. Northeast, we labeled the . The New York Times in an editorial in 1.
We have only just heard about it from down in the Southwest. That. accounted for 2. It was the most. important state for us because it was the first state ever to enact a criminal law against.
Utah. Now, if you have been hearing this story and you have been playing along with me, you. But we went and did a careful study of the actual. Utah didn't have then, and doesn't. Mexican- American population. So it had to be something. Come on folks, if it had to be something else, what do you think it might have been? Yes, it was directly.
Utah and Mormonism and it went like this. I think that a lot of you know that, in its earliest days, the Mormon church permitted. Do you all know that in 1. Reynolds against the United States, the United States Supreme Court said.
Mormons were free to believe what they wanted, but they were not free to practice. Well, who do you think enforced that ruling of the Supreme Court. At the end of the line, who enforces all rulings of the Supreme Court?
Answer. the state and local police. And who were they in Utah then?
All Mormons, and so nothing. Those who wanted to live polygamously continued to do so.
In 1. 91. 0, the Mormon Church in synod in Salt Lake City decreed polygamy to be a. Mormon religion. Once that. So, just after 1. Mormons left the. Utah, and indeed left the United States altogether and moved into northwest.
Mexico. They wrote a lot about what they wanted to accomplish in Mexico. They wanted to. set up communities where they were basically going to convert the Indians, the Mexicans. By 1. 91. 4, they had had very little luck with the heathen, but our research shows now. What happened apparently - -. Mormon communities in northwest Mexico - - was that, by and large most of the. Mormons were not happy there, the religion had not done well there, they didn't feel.
Utah where there friends were and after 1. And with them, the Indians had given them marijuana.
Now once you get somebody back in.